As the Connecticut Supreme Court observed in its opinion in Byrne v. Avery Ctr. for OB GYN, which was released earlier this week:
[A]ssuming, without deciding, that Connecticut’s common law recognizes a negligence cause of action arising from health care providers’ breaches of patient privacy in the context of complying with subpoenas, we agree with the plaintiff and conclude that such an action is not preempted by HIPAA and, further, that the HIPAA regulations may well inform the applicable standard of care in certain circumstances . . . .
[T]o the extent it has become the common practice for Connecticut health care providers to follow the procedures required under HIPAA in rendering services to their patients, HIPAA and its implementing regulations may be utilized to inform the standard of care applicable to such claims arising from allegations of negligence in the disclosure of patients’ medical records . . . .
The court also found that an action under state law was not pre-empted by HIPAA. In other words, the HIPAA standard of care may be used to judge the actions of the covered entity but that does not mean that HIPAA bars an individual from seeking redress for a breach under state law.
What does this mean for covered entities, business associates and downstream contractors? It is yet another reminder that exposure for violations of standards of care and conduct embodied in HIPAA regulations is not limited to indemnification clauses in business associate agreements or audits or enforcement actions brought by the OCR or a state attorney general. A data subject may bring suit if a covered entity, business associate or downstream contractor experiences a breach.
The Connecticut case involved responding to a subpoena. There are specific HIPAA rules about responding to subpoenas, and the provider in this case likely should have provided notice to the data subject and an opportunity to quash. The breach was not the result of an outside hack — it was apparently the result of inadequate policies and procedures, and/or staff training, at a covered entity.
Other cases could involve breaches in other contexts. For example, a social media posting including PHI could be the basis of a state law claim, not just a complaint filed with OCR. And in fact, it is likely that the plaintiff bar will begin filing OCR complaints as part of their case preparation in breach of privacy matters; an OCR finding of a HIPAA violation could obviate the need for a trial on liability in a state court breach of privacy case — the case would go straight to a trial or settlement discussions on the amount of the damages.
At one end of the spectrum, the liability under a state law claim may run into the hundreds of millions of dollars. (Consider the Johns Hopkins settlement; while not a HIPAA case, it provides a sense of the monetary damages that may be incurred through lax attitudes towards privacy.)
I urge covered entities, business associates and downstream contractors to take these lessons to heart and redouble their compliance efforts accordingly.
photo: Flickr cc caliorg